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The Beloved Chiefs from Turkeytown, Chief Little Turkey, Part 2, his family.

15 Tuesday Apr 2025

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Little Turkey is not his name. “Kanitta” is Little Turkey’s name.  Major John Norton spelled Little Turkey’s name in his journal as “Kenneteagh”. This is a phonetic spelling of the name. Norton gives this explanation, “or as the interpreter improperly translated his name, The Little Turkey.” (Journal of Major John Norton pages 132-133 of the journal 1809-1810, Hathitrust.org). Little Turkey’s names also appear as Kennitea and Kungnitla.1  

Norton does not provide the proper translation or true interpretation, nor does anyone else. The translation of “Kenneteagh” is not Little Turkey. However, “the Little Turkey” is how his name will be recorded in history. Michael Wren (Board member of Trail of Tears Association) asked several “Cherokee Talkers” what Kenneteagh would translate to. They all state the name was unknown but may translate as “Fawn Killer.”

Family

We learn a lot of Little Turkey’s family from the journal of Major John Norton, 1816. He was also a Mohawk Chief and Major in the British Army during the War of 1812. Major John Norton tells of his father who is a full-blood Cherokee being rescued and captured. The Toronto Champlain Society printed his journal in its entirety in 1970 with an introduction (explanations) by Carl F. Klinck and James L. Talman. Major John Norton was a Mohawk chief in Canada. However, he was raised in Scotland by his father and a British soldier. The soldier was present at the attack and destruction of the Kuwoki Town (Keowee) in 1760. John’s father was a boy who was rescued from a fire and taken by an unnamed British soldier. 2

Courtesy of His Grace the Duke of Northumberland
MAJOR JOHN NORTON
Portrait by Thomas Phillips, R.A., Syon House, Brentford3

In 1809 Major Norton set out on a journey to find his family to pay honor to his father’s people. He met Turtle-at-Home and became friends. Turtle-at-Home is the son of Attakullatulla (Chief of the nation 1760-1775) he told Major Norton they would find his family. He escorted him to Estanaula. The elders there knew of his father’s story. The old chiefs told him that his father’s sister lived in Creek-Path (present-day Guntersville, Alabama). She was the widow of Kenniteagh, also known as Little Turkey. When he met his aunt at the Creek Path she explains the story and introduced him to his relatives.4

“In the mean time, the good old lady related the scene in which her brother was taken from her: she said, that she saw the officer rescue him after he had been scorched, on which account he was taken away in a wagon—and they were separated.”5

On page xxiv of the publication, her family is explained by Carl F. Klinck and James L. Talman in this way. His aunt (unnamed in the journal) was the sister of his father. “My father’s sister” (page 117 of the journal) was married to Little Turkey (Kennitea). Little Turkey, a “Head Chief of the nation, who has been dead some years”, is stated by Norton as a brother of Black Fox (Innoligh or Enoli).

“The next day, my cousin conducted me to visit his elder brother, his sister and uncle Innoligh, the leading Chief at present.” (page 118 of the journal) His aunt and Chief Little Turkey have these children whom he met. An elder son, Aquo-tague, and an elder daughter, Tah-neh. She changed her name to Naomi when she was baptized and became a Christian (born about 1770). A younger son unnamed described as “my cousin” (born about 1780), and a daughter (born about 1785). A grandson, son of Tah-neh, (born about 1793).

Did you catch this? “The next day, my cousin conducted me to visit his elder brother, his sister and uncle Innoligh, the leading Chief at present.” (page 118 of the journal).

Brothers?

Chief Little Turkey and Black Fox (Innoligh) are brothers! If the children of Little Turkey introduce Norton to Chief Black Fox. Then Norton references Black Fox as their uncle.6 Then Little Turkey and Black Fox are brothers. Norton was raised as a Scott/English he would refer to familiar terms as the Scottish people would. Listing Innoligh as Little Turkey children’s uncle. Norton states Innoligh and Little Turkey have at least the same father. This is the only reference to this. If so, they must have different mothers. The Badger will refer to Black Fox as his nephew (Grand Council Meeting June 1792, page 273). If true, culturally Badger’s sister is Black Fox’s mother.7 But, she is not Little Turkey’s mother. Badger is listed in the Grand Council meeting in June 1792 as “the beloved man of the Southern division.” (page 271)8 This indicates that the Badger is from one of the Southern towns. Is he from Seneca or Keowee? Black Fox (Innoligh) is living in Creek Path when he meets John Norton. He will also die there. Black Fox will have his own post, more info to come. Lots of speculation. Yet, lots of concurring information.

The towns on the headwaters of the Savanna River

The towns on the headwaters of the Savanna River are very important towns to the Cherokee Nation. They don’t get much attention.

These towns and their people date back in time. In 1762 a delegation from the Cherokee Nation went to London England. The Southern towns are a project for a later time.

The person in the middle labeled as #3 is Chief Ostenaco.9 Osgenaco was the War Chief or Red Chief for the Cherokee Nation. He was on the expeditionary party to London England with Henry Timberlake in 1762. The expeditionary party consisted of Lieutenant Henry Timberlake, Sergeant Thomas Sumter, John McCormack (an interpreter), and an unnamed servant. They arrived in the Overhill Cherokee town of Tomotley on December 20, 1761. Ostenaco, one of the leading men in the town, greeted them. He was visiting from Keowee.10 Reminder Chief Little Turkey’s wife and Maj. Norton’s father is from Keowee.

Family moves to Creek Path

After Little Turkey’s death in 1802, his family moved to Creek Path. They settled near old family friend John Thompson. He was one of Little Turkey’s interpreters.  John Thompson is listed as a bosom friend to Little Turkey (ASP, IA Vol. 1, page 432) Thompson’s final residence before removing west is near the Creek Path and he operated a large plantation. We see John Thompson escort Maj. John Norton to Creek Path from Oostanaula, page 117 of Norton’s journal. Little Turkey’s family moved to the West (Arkansas) around 1819. 

Street, Oliver Day, Map of Marshall County, Alabama, hand-drawn, 1900, unpublished. https://alabamamaps.ua.edu/historicalmaps/counties/marshall/marshall.html

Notice Brown or Thompson Creek in the above map of Marshall County, Alabama. It is in the vicinity where Chief Little Turkey’s family lived before moving West. Brown is Rev. John Brown who was the Mission Teacher/Preacher for Creek Path also marked on the map. Modern-day this is under Lake Guntersville.

Daughter Tah-nee

We learn about Little Turkey’s daughter Tah-neh (Dah-nee) or Naomi and her children from various sources. Wa-ka or Peggy Whitekiller, the daughter of Tah-neh and her husband Whitemankiller Watts. Peggy tells us about the family in her 1842 Canadian Claim (Claim book 1 #86). They abandoned property in the old nation and immigrated to the Arkansas territory with John Rogers in the year 1819.  

“My mother lived on the improvements when we emigrated. She was married to Girth Jolly. I lived with them. We all came together to live in this country. Mother died fifteen years ago . . . I have one full sister. We live together. Neither of us are married. My sister is a widow. I have never been married. The property claimed for (us) belongs to me and my sister equally. Her name is Wattie or Betsy Girt. She has another claim. I was about 19 years of age when we emigrated. The improvements belong to my mother . . . We left soon after the treaty of 1816 and removed to Creek Path where we borrowed a place which we left when we started to this country. Don’t know whether my mother or step-father was ever paid any thing for improvement now claimed . . . My own father’s name was White-killer he died when I was about five years old. I now live on Salisaw 4 miles above mouth in Illinois.“

         A witness of this claim; Stinking Fish, states; 

“I knew the mother of Peggy Whitekiller in the Old Nation. Her name Dah-nee. She was widow of White-man-Killer and . . . wife of Girth Jolly . . . I lived about one quarter mile from her when she removed.” 

         The timeline has Peggy being born about 1800. She is 16 when they move to Creek-Path (1816). She is about 19 when they move west (1819). This timeline also shows her mother (Dah-nee) dying in 1827. Dwight Mission records, page 23, has her death on 31 March 1825. (Dwight Mission records provided by Jack Baker) Rev. Washburn in his book states the family emigrated in 1823-24. 11 The strong evidence from other reports and writings agrees with Peggy’s claim about their moves.12   

“Her Indian name was Tah-nee.  She was full blood, daughter of a considerable chief and warrior . . . She migrated to this country in 1819, then wife of Girth, son of John Jolly, head chief of this division of the Cherokees.”

The 1819 Emigration rolls include a “Dany of Will’s Town with 3 in the family.” They emigrate West in 1819. Girth Jolly is not named nor is he on the rolls.

One last child of Tah-neh, she adopts a son and the name given to him is Timothy Dwight.13 

Little Turkey’s daughter Tah-neh (Naomi) and her elder son are buried in the old Dwight Mission cemetery. Their graves are near the parents of the beloved Cathern Brown, Reverend John and Sarah Brown.14  Browns are from Creek Path. Cathern was a teacher at the Creek Path Mission. She died at her home in Creek Path and is buried there. But, who else is buried in the original Dwight Mission cemetery? The cemetery is just about abandoned. The cemetery sits on a hill. It’s at a closed RV park. This RV park also owns the cemetery land. Mission RV Park is at 229 Mission Drive, Russellville, AR 72802. The location of the mission is underwater of the lake.

Historic Marker near Russellville Ar. on the west bank of the Illinois Bayou and about four miles from the Arkansas River. 
Journal of Major John Norton, introduction pages xxiv-xxvii, of the journal 1809-1810, Hathitrust. pg xxiv, 1809-1810, Hathitrust.org, https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=uc1.b3611053&view=1up&seq=32

To Conclude

Little Turkey made his statement at the Nation’s Council meeting in October 1800. The Moravian missionaries Steiner and Schweintz were invited to attend. They recorded the meeting in their journal. This Council meeting was held at Estanaula (Oostanaula). This statement by Little Turkey was made at the close of the meeting. This was the time when the Council allowed a mission school to be built. The school was established at James Vann’s and (John) McDonald’s property. Mr. Vann had just donated property on his place. Spring Place, North West Georgia.

“You my warriors have grown up under my supervision. I have counseled you to treat the white people with caution, and now you are enjoying the happy results. You will know well how to use for the well-being of our Nation the addresses made in our meeting this time. We live in peace, and it makes me happy to see the chiefs of both halves of the Nation together in unity and friendship.” 15

Next post. The Beloved Chiefs from Turkeytown, Black Fox

  1. Journal of Major John Norton, introduction pages xxiv-xxvii, of the journal 1809-1810, Hathitrust.org; the latter spelling Cherokee Phoenix, 3rdDecember 1831 page 2 column 2a, http://www.wcu.edu/library/Digitalcollection/CherokeePhoenix/Vol4/no21/cherokee-phoenix-page2-2a.html ↩︎
  2. Journal of Major John Norton, introduction pages xxiv-xxvii, and pages 112-118 of the journal 1809-1810, Hathitrust.org ↩︎
  3. Ibid ↩︎
  4. Ibid ↩︎
  5. Ibid ↩︎
  6. Ibid ↩︎
  7. American state papers : Documents, legislative and executive, of the Congress of the United States / Selected and edited under the authority of Congress Indian affairs v. 1 1832, pages 271-273, 26 June – 1 July 1792) HathiTrust Digital Library https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.35112103282408&seq=279&q1=turkey+town ↩︎
  8. Ibid ↩︎
  9. File:/collections/the-memoirs-of-lieut-henry-timberlake-1765/Three Cherokee.jpg ↩︎
  10. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ostenaco ↩︎
  11. Reminiscences of the Indians, by the Rev. Cephas Washburn, A. M., pages 147, 158-159 ↩︎
  12. Reel 740, frames 257-259 (Kutsche #3006) story of Naomi, American Board of Commission Foreign Missions (ABC-FM), 18.3.1 Vol 6, Item 81. ↩︎
  13. Dwight Journal September 1824, page 22, Kutsche #3012 ↩︎
  14. Reminiscences of the Indians, by the Rev. Cephas Washburn, A. M., pages 147, 158-159)  (Note as to who is Cathern Brown; she is educated at the Brainerd Mission and is the first female teacher of the Creek-Path Mission. ↩︎
  15. page 212; Records of the Moravians Among the Cherokee, Early Contact and the Establishment of the First Mission, 1752-1802, Volume 1, C. Daniel Crews, Richard W. Starbuck, Editors; Cherokee National Press, Tahlequah, Oklahoma, 2010, Cherokee National Historical Society, Inc ↩︎

Trust in the Lord with all your heart, and do not rely on your own understanding;
 in all your ways know him, and he will make your paths straight. Proverbs 3; 5-6 CSV

The Beloved Chiefs from Turkeytown, Chief Little Turkey

02 Wednesday Apr 2025

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In what we can consider the first chapter. It is called “Uncovering the History of Turkeytown.” We learn where the original town was located. We also learn when it was established. Established between the dates of 1782-1788. It is located from modern-day Fitts Ferry on the Coosa River, Etowah County, Alabama. It stretches to Turkeytown Creek a mile and a half North of this ferry. Chief Little Turkey settled on modern-day Coats’ Bend Road at Turkeytown Creek. Chief Pathkiller settled at Fitts Ferry living on the Eastside in modern-day Alford’s Bend. Their helper Boot lived on the Old US 411 at Turkeytown Creek. Now a new chapter.

Chapter II, “the great beloved man of the whole nation“

He is  known as “the great beloved man of the whole nation.” The Chiefs of the Cherokee Nation were referred to as “King” or “Principal Chief” by the Europeans. The Cherokee People called their Chief the “Beloved Man of the whole nation.” Four men from Turkey’s Town will be the Principal Chief (Beloved Man of the whole Nation). Each one will be a post or more than one. The content on some is more than others. First is Chief Little Turkey.

There is very little information about Chief Little Turkey before he becomes the leader of the Cherokee Nation.  His birth year of about 1732 is estimated from his death notification, March 1, 1802.

Journal of Occurrences in the Cherokee Agency in 1802 to Return J. Meigs to the Secretary of War,(Fold3.com of ancestry.com).  

“March (on the first of the month) Little Turkey the King or principal Chief of the Cherokee died at Wills town appears to be about 70 years of Age.”

We learn from the “Journal of the Grand Cherokee National Council” in Estanaula, Tuesday, 26th June 1792. The location where Little Turkey is from and possibly where he grew up. Seneca (Seneca, South Carolinia). Little Turkey is reported as present and has the title of “great beloved man of the whole nation.” On Thursday that week, Little Nephew, a warrior from Running Water, presents his “talk” before the Council.

Little Nephew then delivered the sentiments of the whole, in the following words: The warriors of my nation went ambassadors to Congress. They have returned: but every thing is not to our satisfaction. The warriors from this part of the nation said but little. Eskaqua, from the other river, took the business off their hands. I came from the Running Water to Hiwassee, and from that to the Hanging Maw’s. I mentioned to the nation that I have sent five beloved fires, of five towns, and their talks. At that time, I put on my belt and tied up my things, to start from here to Seneca. I desired them to think of that place, the Little Turkey’s old Town, and the coals of fire which are yet to be seen there; and that I expected an answer to my talk, but have got none. I desired Nontuaka to mention that the white people were on our land, and that I hoped they would be removed, and give our young fellows more room to hunt. . .   1           

Little Nephew states that Little Turkey’s old village is Seneca. Seneca (Sinica, Sennekaw, Esseneca), this town was one of the original lower towns of the Cherokee nation. (Not to be confused with the “Five Lower Towns” on the Tennessee River.) Seneca is on the Keowee River a few miles north of the Tugalo River junction. Seneca is where the Hopewell Treaty of 1785 was signed. Hopewell is the plantation home of General Andrew Pickens. The present-day location is Clemson University and Lake Hartwell, Seneca, and Clemson, South Carolina. There was an American Revolution battle there at the end of July 1776. It was one of the first battles after the Declaration of Independence of the new United States of America. A book by Nadia Dean contains the best account of the battle on July 31st and August 1st, 1776. It is titled A Demand of Blood: The Cherokee War of 1776. Colonel Andrew Williamson of the South Carolina Continental Army burned Seneca. The town was restored after the Continental Army moved north. Fort Russel was built there.  The Town is all but abandoned after the Hopewell Treaty in 1785 and the cession of land.2 The town of Little Turkey’s wife, Keowee, and Fort Prince George are a few miles north of Seneca.

A portion of Mouzon’s Map 1771; Mouzon, H. and Robert Sayer and John Bennett, (1775) An Accurate map of North and South Carolina with their Indian frontiers, shewing in a district manner all the mountains, rivers, swamps, bays, creeks, harbours, sandbanks, and soundings on the coast; with the roads and Indians paths as well as the boundaries, or provincial lines, the several towns and other divisions of lands in both provinces, London, printed for Robt. Sayer and J. Bennett retrieval from the Library of Congress. https://www.loc.gov/item/74692510/

Beloved Man

As stated the Cherokee used the term “the Beloved Man”.  The Europeans used King or Emperor.  Just when did Chief Little Turkey become the Beloved Man of the nation is a debated one. Around 1788, he aligns himself with Chickamauga Chiefs after the settlement of his town. Yet, he is not truly a Chickamauga war Chief. As the Cherokee wars progressed, he remained a traditional Peace Chief. In March of 1789, Little Turkey, along with Hanging Maw and Dragging Canoe, writes to Governor Samuel Johnson. They seek arrangements for another peace treaty similar to the 1785 Hopewell treaty. 

At a general meeting held at the Little Turkey’s Town or otherwise called new Sinekaw in the Cherokee Nation   Present the Chicamagies Chiefs   March 10th 1789 . . . that you are willing to adjust and rectify the dispute between your people and our own __ to establish a lasting peace in our hearts desire . . .

                                        Little Turkey   Hanging Maw   Dragging Canoe 3 

Muskogee Times-Democrat Muskogee, Oklahoma, 29 June 1904, Wed, page 1 Newspaper.com

We see Mr. Starr has Chief Little Turkey as chief up to 1801, as we had just learned Little Turkey dies in 1802. Also, notice that Blackfox follows him as Chief of the Nation.  He is elected in August 1802. Also Chief Pathkiller died in January 1827 not 1828.

Journal of Occurrences in the Cherokee Agency in 1802 Return J. Meigs to the Secretary of War, next page after Chief Little Turkey’s death notice. August 1802, (Fold3.com of ancestry.com)
 

The nation’s leader, Chief Corntassel, was murdered in 1788 in what would become Tennessee. After this event, the nation looked to Little Turkey. They referred to him as the Beloved Man. The nation did not have a formal system of government and new leadership would emerge. The nation as a whole would look to Little Turkey as the “Beloved Man” along with Hanging Maw. The foreign governments would look to Little Turkey and Hanging Maw as the leaders of the nation. Hanging Maw was one of the leaders from the Valley towns. He opposed Little Turkey as the “Beloved Man” until around 1792. It was then that Little Turkey was recognized as the leader of the nation. He became “the great beloved man of the whole nation”. 

Peace Chief

As the Beloved Man of the Nation Little Turkey strove for peace. Little Turkey did manage assistance from Spain for the protection of the nation working through John McDonald and Mr. William Panton a “merchant of great business of Pensacola”.  Mr. McDonald lives and operates a trading post in Turkey’s town during this time. Mr. Panton and Mr. McDonald align John Watts and Bloody Fellow (Nontuaka) up with Governor O’Neal of Spain for arms and munitions. McDonald will set up a commissary in Turkey’s Town to store goods. McDonald served as a double agent. He served with the British and with Spain. 4

Minutes of information given to Governor Blount by James Carey, one of the interpreters of the United States, in the Cherokee Nation. November 1782  

. . .Mr. Panton, during his stay in the nation, made the house of his countryman, McDonald, his head quarters, from whence they together paid a visit to the Little Turkey, and spent several days, Mr. McDonald acting as interpreter between Mr. Panton and the Turkey. . . Panton invited the Turkey to visit Governor O’Neal; assured him that the Governor would give him arms and ammunition at Pensacola. . .would supply the nation with goods much cheaper than they had heretofore purchased them.5

Peace and unity are the Little Turkey’s demeanor throughout his tenure as ‘Principal Chief”. It has been stated by historians in the past that Little Turkey launched hostile attacks from Turkey’s Town. He did get frustrated with the “five Lower towns on the Big River.” He turned them over to the mercy of Gov Blount. 

Now I will let you know, and tell you the truth, which I am sorry and ashamed for to tell you, of their proceedings and bad conduct; you may be assured it is not lies, I now tell you . . . the eight day of this month they are determined to go to war, all the five lower town on the Big river (Tennessee River); they have and will make war by themselves; you may be assured and believe me, it is not the consent of the whole nation, nor no part of it only them five towns they agree amongst themselves.

Now you know where the bad people live; both you and your people may know where the good and bad live. Now, I desire you and all your people not to come to war against no other towns but them five lower towns on the Big river, that made war against you.6

Little Turkey aligns himself with Chiefs like Double Head, Dragging Canoe, and John Watts. However, his overwhelming demeanor is of peace. Little Turkey and his settlement are referred to as the point of peace for the nation. We see this in a letter of Gov. Blount to the Secretary of War, 3 November 1794.

“Should General Logan desist from his attack on the Lower towns, I am of opinion the appointment of Mr. Dinsmore to reside in the nation will have happy effect; but I would advise that his general residence should be in Will’s town in preference of the Turkey’s. My reasons are, the Turkey’s is, and has been, one of the most peaceable towns in the nation, .” 7

Beloved Town

Another striving point of Little Turkey is a central “Beloved town.” This town would become the “Principal town” (Capital of the nation). From the start of his tenure, Little Turkey looks to Estanaula (Ustinaire, Oos-ta-nau-la) as the “Beloved town.” This happens even during the opposition of Hanging Maw. The nation presses for the “Grand Councils” to be held there.

A talk from the head-men and warriors of the Cherokee nation at a meeting held at Ustinaire, the beloved town, 20th November, 1788.8

The town of Estanaula will lead to the formation of New Echota. This is just north of present-day Calhoun Georgia. This became the Capital of the Nation in 1825. However, it remained so only until Georgia passed a law on all the land for the state of Georgia. The Capital will move to Chattooga Town (just north of Gaylesville, Cherokee County, Alabama.) Then to Red Clay town in Tennessee.

Missionaries

Little Turkey is involved in bringing missionaries to the nation. In the report of Steiner and Schweinitz written in “Early Travels in the Tennessee Country” we read; 

As early as July 1, 1796, President John Wheelock, of Dartmouth, was endeavoring to persuade the Society for Propagating Christian Knowledge, of Scotland, that funds could be wisely used in a Cherokee mission. In 1799, (Moses) Fisk, in Tennessee after a visit to New England, was cooperating with Wheelock; and interviewed Capt. Edw. Butler then in military command in the Cherokee nation. Butler wrote to Little Turkey, the principal chief, in July: A number of good men to the eastward have formed a plan to have a number of your young men taught our language and to read and write without putting them to any expense . . .    

Mr. Fisk had not been further in the Indian country than Toka, on the Tennessee, and had thereafter transferred further attention to the matter to him. He had advised to begin the school at the garrison and to teach the Indians English; had, also, written to Little Turkey, the Head Chief of the Cherokee, in reference to the matter and received a favorable answer from him. 9

This leads to the Moravian Mission at Spring Place in 1801. The Moravian Church worked with Little Turkey at a “Talk” held at Oostanaula in May 1801 to protect the missionaries. James Vann purchases property for the mission. In June 1801, a hut is built on the Brown plantation near his house. “Springplace”; two miles east of the Connesauga River, two and one-half miles south from Vann’s, seven miles south of Sumach Town, sixteen miles north of Oostanaula and on the road which leads from Oostanaula to Tellico.  This is in modern-day Murray County Georgia also known as Springplace. 10

Treaties

Little Turkey is involved with treaties, how many are not known? It appears that he only signed one treaty. He did not sign the 1791 treaty at Holston, he sent a representative named Boot.11 The Boot would become an important leader in Turkey’s Town. He is very good friends with Little Turkey, Blackfox and Pathkiller. He is their Creek interpreter. Little Turkey signed the treaty near the block house at Tellico. This treaty was known as the Treaty of Tellico. It was signed in October 1798. The interpreter listed his name as “Kanitta or Little Turkey”. 

We see that Little Turkey is not his name? Kanitta? Does that translate to “Little Turkey”? We will explore this in the next post along with his family.

Our next post. The Beloved Chiefs from Turkeytown, Chief Little Turkey, Part 2, his family.

  1. American state papers : Documents, legislative and executive, of the Congress of the United States / Selected and edited under the authority of Congress Indian affairs v. 1 1832, pages 271-273, 26 June – 1 July 1792) HathiTrust Digital Library https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.35112103282408&seq=279&q1=turkey+town ↩︎
  2. A Demand of Blood: The Cherokee War of 1776 by Nadia Dean. This book is published by Valley River Press, January 2012.  Chapter 13; pages 142-157. ↩︎
  3. Document NCU16 in the Papers of the War Department 1784-1800, Roy Rosenzweig Center for History and New Media, George Mason University, wardepartmentpapers.org  ↩︎
  4. John McDonald of Chickamauga: Double Agent, Jeff Bishop, http://trailofthetrail.blogspot.com/2010/10/john-mcdonald-double-agent-of.html ↩︎
  5. American state papers : Documents, legislative and executive, of the Congress of the United States / Selected and edited under the authority of Congress Indian affairs v. 1 1832 pages 327-329, 3 November 1792 HathiTrust Digital Library, https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.35112103282408&seq=335&q1=turkey+town ↩︎
  6. American state papers : Documents, legislative and executive, of the Congress of the United States / Selected and edited under the authority of Congress Indian affairs v. 1 1832 pages 276-278, 2 September 1792, letter from Little Turkey to Gov. Blount, https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.35112103282408&seq=284&q1=turkey+town ↩︎
  7. American state papers : Documents, legislative and executive, of the Congress of the United States / Selected and edited under the authority of Congress Indian affairs v. 1 1832 pages 531-532, https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.35112103282408&seq=539&q1=turkey+town ↩︎
  8. American state papers : Documents, legislative and executive, of the Congress of the United States / Selected and edited under the authority of Congress Indian affairs v. 1 1832 pages 45-46, https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.35112103282408&seq=53&q1=turkey+town ↩︎
  9. Early Travels in the Tennessee Country, 1540-1800: with introductions, annotations and index / by Samuel Cole Williams. Page; 458, 467, Hathitrust.org ↩︎
  10. History of the Moravian Mission Among Southern Indian Tribes of the United States, by The Rev. Edmund Schwarze, Ph.D., Pastor Calvary Moravian Church, Winston Salem, N.C. Transaction of the Moravian Historical Society, Special Series, Vol. 1. Bethlehem Pa, Tunes Publishing Co. 1923, pages 61-65, ↩︎
  11. American state papers : Documents, legislative and executive, of the Congress of the United States / Selected and edited under the authority of Congress Indian affairs v. 1 1832, pages 276, https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.35112103282408&seq=284&q1=turkey+town ↩︎

Trust in the Lord with all your heart, and do not rely on your own understanding;
 in all your ways know him, and he will make your paths straight. Proverbs 3; 5-6 CSV